References to the Root Profiles Data Set

References followed by a (*) mark were used in the study by Schenk, H. J. and R. B. Jackson.  
2002.  The global biogeography of roots.  Ecological Monographs. 72(3):311-328.


Abaimov, A. P., S. G. Prokushkin, O. A. Zyryanova, and L. N. Kaverzina. 1997. Osobennosti 
formirovanija i fynkcionirovanija listvennichnykh lesov na merzlotnykh pochvakh. 
(Peculiarities of forming and functioning larch forests on frozen soils. In Russian). Lesovedenie 
1997(5):13-23. (*)

Aerts, R. 1993. Biomass and nutrient dynamics of dominant plant species from heathlands. Pages 
51-84 in R. Aerts, and G. W. Heil, editors. Heathlands: patterns and processes in a changing 
environment. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. (*)

Alvarez-Lopez, M. 1990. Ecology of Pterocarpus officinalis forested wetlands in Puerto Rico. 
Pages 251-265 in A. E. Lugo, M. Brinson, and S. Brown, editors. Forested wetlands. Elsevier, 
Amsterdam. 

Ares, A., and N. Peinemann. 1992. Fine-root distribution of coniferous plantations in relation to site 
in southern Buenos Aires, Argentina. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22:1575-1582. (*)

Bang-xing, W. 1991. Studies on the vertical structure of seasonal rain-forest in Xishuangbanna of 
Yunnan. Acta Botanica Sinica 33:232-239. (*)

Barbour, M. G., J. A. MacMahon, S. A. Bamberg, and J. A. Ludwig. 1977. The structure and 
distribution of Larrea communities. Pages 227-251 in T. J. Mabry, J. H. Hunziker, and D. R. 
DiFeo, Jr., editors. Creosote bush: biology and chemistry of Larrea in New World deserts. 
US/IBP Series 6. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, USA. (*)

Bard, G. E. 1952. Secondary succession on the Piedmont of New Jersey. Ecological Monographs 
22:195-215. 

Barker, D. J., D. M. Zhang, and A. D. Mackay. 1988. Root distribution in a low fertility hill county 
sward grazed by sheep. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture 16:73-76. (*)

Belsky, A. J. 1994. Influences of trees on savanna productivity: tests of shade, nutrients, and tree-
grass competition. Ecology 75:932. (*)

Berish, C. W. 1982. Root biomass and surface area in three successional tropical forests. Canadian 
Journal of Forest Research 12:699-704. (*)

Berish, C. W., and J. J. Ewel. 1988. Root development in simple and complex tropical successional 
ecosystems. Plant and Soil 106:73-84. (*)

Bernard, J. M., and K. Fiala. 1986. Distribution and standing crop of living and dead roots in three 
wetland Carex species. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 113:1-5. 

Bhatti, J. S., N. W. Foster, and P. W. Hazlett. 1998. Fine root biomass and nutrient content in a 
black spruce peat soil with and without alder. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 78:163-169. (*)

Bille, J. C. 1977. Étude de la production primaire nette d'un écosystème Sahélien. Travaux et 
Documents de l'O.R.S.T.O.M. 65. O.R.S.T.O.M., Paris, France. (*)

Blagoveshchenskiy, E. N. 1968. The dry savanna of northwest India. Soviet Geography 9:519-537. 
(*)

Boikov, T. G., and Y. D. Kharitonov. 1998. Biomass of underground organs in Transbaikalian 
steppe phytocenoses. Pages 55-60 in J. E. Box, Jr., editor. Root demographics and their 
efficiencies in sustainable agriculture, grasslands and forest ecosystems. Developments in Plant 
and Soil Sciences 82. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. (*)

Bowden, B. N. 1963. The root distribution of Andropogon gayanus var. bisquamulatus. East 
African Agricultural and Forestry Journal 29:157-159. 

Bowns, J. E., and N. E. West. 1976. Blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima Torr.) on southwestern 
Utah rangelands. Research Report 27. Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Logan, Utah, 
USA. (*)

Bowns, J. E., Jr., and T. W. Box. 1964. The influence of grazing on the roots and rhizomes of 
seacoast bluestem. Journal of Range Management 17:36-39. 

Branson, F. A., R. F. Miller, and I. S. McQueen. 1976. Moisture relationships in twelve northern 
desert shrub communities near Grand Junction, Colorado. Ecology 57:1104-1124. (*)

Briones, O., C. Montaña, and E. Ezcurra. 1996. Competition between three Chihuahuan desert 
species: evidence from plant size-distance relations and root distribution. Journal of Vegetation 
Science 7:453-460. (*)

Carbon, B. A., G. A. Bartle, A. M. Murray, and D. K. MacPherson. 1980. The distribution of root 
length, and the limits to flow of soil water to roots in a dry sclerophyll forest. Forest Science 
26:656-664. (*)

Castellanos, J., M. Maass, and J. Kummerow. 1991. Root biomass of a dry deciduous tropical 
forest in Mexico. Plant and Soil 131:225-228. (*)

Cavelier, J. 1992. Fine-root biomass and soil properties in a semideciduous and a lower montane 
rain forest in Panama. Plant and Soil 142:187-201. (*)

Cerri, C. C., and B. Volkoff. 1987. Carbon content in a yellow Latosol of central Amazon rain 
forest. Acta Oecologica. Oecologia Generalis 8:29-42. (*)

Chapman, S. B. 1970. The nutrient content of the soil and root system of a dry heath ecosystem. 
Journal of Ecology 58:445-452. (*)

Chen, Z., H. Chang, and B. Wang. 1994. Studies on biomass and production of the lower 
subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in Heishiding nature reserve, China. VI. Distribution, 
biomass and production of roots. Journal of Tropical Ecology 10:273-279. (*)

Christie, E. K. 1978. Ecosystem processes in semiarid grasslands. I Primary production and water 
use of two communities possessing different photosynthetic pathways. Australian Journal of 
Agricultural Research 29:773-787. (*)

Cline, J. F., D. W. Uresk, and W. H. Rickard. 1977. Plants and soil of a sagebrush community on 
the Hanford Reservation. Northwest Science 51:60-70. 

Coetzee, J. A., M. I. Page, and D. Meredith. 1946. Root studies in Highveld grassland communities. 
South African Journal of Science 42:105-118. 

Coughenour, M. B., J. E. Ellis, and R. G. Popp. 1990. Morphometric relationships and 
developmental patterns of Acacia tortilis and Acacia reficiens in Southern Turkana, Kenya. 
Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 117:8-17. (*)

Coupland, R. T., and T. C. Brayshaw. 1953. The fescue grassland in Saskatchewan. Ecology 
34:386-405. (*)

Coupland, R. T., J. R. Willard, E. A. Ripley, and R. L. Randell. 1975. The Matador Project. Pages 
19-50 in T. W. M. Cameron, and L. W. Billingsley, editors. Energy flow - its biological 
dimensions. Royal Society of Canada, Ottawa, Canada. (*)

Cox, J. R., G. W. Frasier, and K. G. Renard. 1986. Biomass distribution at grassland and shrubland 
sites. Rangelands 8:67-69. 

Daddy, F., M. J. Trlica, and C. D. Bonham. 1988. Vegetation and soil water differences among big 
sagebrush communities with different grazing histories. Southwestern Naturalist 33:413-424. 
(*)

Dahlman, R. C., and C. L. Kucera. 1965. Root productivity and turnover in native prairie. Ecology 
46:84-89. (*)

Damman, A. W. H. 1971. Effect of vegetation changes on the fertility of a Newfoundland forest 
site. Ecological Monographs 41:253-270. (*)

Davies, S. J., and P. Becker. 1996. Floristic composition and stand structure of mixed dipterocarp 
and heath forests in Brunei Darussalam. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 8:542-569. (*)

Davis, E. A., and C. P. Pase. 1977. Root system of shrub live oak: Implications for water yield in 
Arizona chaparral. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 32:174-180. (*)

Davis, G. R., W. A. Neilsen, and J. G. McDavis. 1983. Root distribution of Pinus radiata related to 
soil characteristics in five Tasmanian soils. Australian Journal of Soil Research 21:165-171. (*)

de Castro, E. A., and J. B. Kauffman. 1998. Ecosystem structure in the Brazilian Cerrado: a 
vegetation gradient of aboveground biomass, root mass and consumption by fire. Journal of 
Tropical Ecology 14:263-283. (*)

Dennis, J. G., and P. L. Johnson. 1970. Shoot and rhizome-root standing crops of tundra vegetation 
at Barrow, Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Research 2:253-266. (*)

Dennis, J. G., L. L. Tieszen, and M. A. Vetter. 1978. Seasonal dynamics of above- and 
belowground production of vascular plants at Barrow, Alaska. Pages 113-140 in L. L. Tieszen, 
editor. Vegetation and production ecology of an Alaskan arctic tundra. Ecological Studies 29. 
Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA. (*)

Devidas, S., and J.-P. Puyravaud. 1995. Primary productivity of the herbaceous layer in a grazed 
savanna woodland, Bandipur National Park, southern India. Acta Oecologica 16:491-505. (*)

Dhyani, S. K., P. Narain, and R. K. Singh. 1990. Studies on root distributions of five multipurpose 
tree species in Doon Valley, India. Agroforestry Systems 12:149-161. 

Distel, R. A., and O. A. Fernández. 1988. Dynamics of root growth and decay in two grasses native 
to semi-arid Argentina. Australian Journal of Ecology 13:327-336. (*)

Dobrowolski, J. P., M. M. Caldwell, and J. H. Richards. 1990. Basin hydrology and plant root 
systems. Pages 243-292 in C. B. Osmond, L. F. Pitelka, and G. M. Hidy, editors. Plant biology 
of the basin and range. Ecological Studies 80. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. (*)

Dumortier, M. 1991. Below-ground dynamics in a wet grassland ecosystem. Pages 301-309 in D. 
Atkinson, editor. Plant root growth: an ecological perspective. Blackwell Scientific 
Publications, Oxford. 

Duncan, W. H. 1941. A study of root development in three soil types in the Duke Forest. 
Ecological Monographs 11:141-164. (*)

Ellenberg, H., R. Mayer, and J. Schauermann, editors. 1986. Ökosystemforschung. Ergebnisse des 
Sollingprojekts 1966-1986. Ulmer, Stuttgart, Germany. (*)

Evdokimova, T. I., and L. A. Grishina. 1968. Productivity of root systems of herbaceous vegetation 
on flood plain meadows and methods for its study. Pages 24-27 in M. S. Ghilarov, V. A. 
Kovda, L. N. Novichkova-Ivanova, L. E. Rodin, and V. M. Sveshnikova, editors. Methods of 
productivity studies in root systems and rhizosphere organisms. International Symposium 
USSR, August 28--September 12, 1968. Nauka, Leningrad, Russia. (*)

Farrish, K. W. 1991. Spatial and temporal fine-root distribution in three Louisiana forest soils. Soil 
Science Society of America Journal 55:1752-1757. (*)

Fernandez, O. A., and M. M. Caldwell. 1975. Phenology and dynamics of root growth of three cool 
semi-desert shrubs under field conditions. Journal of Ecology 63:703-714. (*)

Fernández, R. J., and J. M. Paruelo. 1988. Root systems of two Patagonian shrubs: A quantitative 
description using a geometrical method. Journal of Range Management 41:220-223. (*)

Fiala, K. 1990. Live and dead underground plant biomass in a natural meadow hydrosere. Folia 
Geobotanica and Phytotaxonomica 25:113-135. (*)

Fiala, K., and R. Herrera. 1988. Living and dead belowground biomass and its distribution in some 
savanna communities in Cuba. Folia Geobotanica and Phytotaxonomica 23:225-237. (*)

Fiala, K., and V. Studený. 1988. Cutting and fertilization effect on the root system in several 
grassland stands. II. Vertical distribution of root biomass and changes in the carbohydrate 
content. Ekológia 7:27-42. (*)

Finér, L., C. Messier, and L. De Grandpré. 1997. Fine-root dynamics in mixed boreal conifer--
broad-leafed forest stands at different successional stages after fire. Canadian Journal of Forest 
Research 27:304-314. (*)

Frangi, J. L., and A. E. Lugo. 1985. Ecosystem dynamics of a subtropical floodplain forest. 
Ecological Monographs 55:351-369. 

Freckman, D. W., and R. A. Virginia. 1989. Plant-feeding nematodes in deep-rooting desert 
ecosystems. Ecology 70:1665-1678. (*)

Friesen, D. K., I. M. Rao, R. J. Thomas, A. Oberson, and J. I. Sanz. 1997. Phosphorus acquisition 
and cycling in crop and pasture in low fertility tropical soils. Plant and Soil 196:289-294. (*)

Garelkov, D. 1973. Biological productivity of some beech forest types in Bulgaria. Pages 307-314 
in H. E. Young, editor. IUFRO biomass studies. College of Sciences and Agriculture, 
University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA. (*)

Gaze, S. R., J. Brouwer, L. P. Simmonds, and J. Bromley. 1998. Dry season water use patterns 
under Guiera senegalensis L. shrubs in a tropical savanna. Journal of Arid Environments 40:53-
67. (*)

Gehrmann, J., M. Gerriets, J. Puhe, and B. Ulrich. 1984. Untersuchungen an Boden, Wurzeln, 
Nadeln und erste Ergebnisse von Depositionsmessungen im Hils. Berichte des 
Forschungszentrums Waldökosysteme 2. (*)

Gisi, U., and J. J. Oertli. 1981. Oekologische Entwicklung in Brachland verglichen mit 
Kulturwiesen. Acta Oecologica. Oecologia Plantarum 2:79-86. (*)

Glatzel, G. 1983. Root distribution and soil water depletion in an oak-hornbeam stand (Quercus 
petraea, Q. robur, Carpinus betulus) and a spruce thicket (Picea abies). Pages 577-584 in W. 
Böhm, L. Kutschera, and E. Lichtenegger, editors. Wurzelökologie und ihre 
Nutzanwendung/Root ecology and its practical application. Bundesanstalt für alpenländische 
Landwirtschaft Grumpenstein, Irdning, F. R. Germany. (*)

Gower, S. T. 1987. Relations between mineral nutrient availability and fine root biomass in two 
Costa Rica wet forests: a hypothesis. Biotropica 19:171-175. (*)

Greenland, D. J., and J. M. L. Kowal. 1960. Nutrient content of the moist tropical forest of Ghana. 
Plant and Soil 12:154-174. (*)

Greenwood, K. L., and K. J. Hutchinson. 1998. Root characteristics of temperate pasture in New 
South Wales after grazing at three stocking rates for 30 years. Grass and Forage Science 
53:120-128. (*)

Groeneveld, D. P. 1989. Shrub rooting and water acquisition on threatened shallow groundwater 
habitats in the Owens Valley, California. Pages 221-237 in Proceedings--Symposium on 
cheatgrass invasion, shrub die-off, and other aspects of shrub biology and management. General 
Technical Report INT-276. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, 
Utah, USA. (*)

Groot, J. J. R., D. Koné, M. Traoré, and N. Kamissoko. 1995. Description du système racinaire de 
l'Andropogon gayanus, du Vigna unguiculata et du Stylosanthes hamata en zone soudano-
sahélienne. Rapports PSS 8. Production Soudano-Sahélienne (PSS), Wageningen, The 
Netherlands. (*)

Groves, R. H., and R. L. Specht. 1965. Growth of heath vegetation I. Annual growth curves of two 
heath ecosystems in Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 13:261-280. (*)

Hansson, A.-C., A. Zhao, and O. Andrén. 1995. Fine-root production and mortality in degraded 
vegetation in Horqin sand rangeland in Inner Mongolia, China. Arid Soil Research and 
Rehabilitation 9:1-13. (*)

Harris, W. F., R. S. Kinerson, Jr., and N. T. Edwards. 1977. Comparison of belowground biomass 
of natural deciduous forest and loblolly pine plantations. Pedobiologia 17:369-381. (*)

Haworth, F. 1953. Observations on the root system of Guatemala grass on an upland tea soil in 
Ceylon. Tropical Agriculture 30:116-121. 

Heitschmidt, R. K., R. J. Ansley, S. L. Dowhower, P. W. Jacoby, and D. L. Price. 1988. Some 
observations from the excavation of honey mesquite root systems. Journal of Range 
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Hendriks, C. M. A., and F. J. J. A. Bianchi. 1995. Root density and root biomass in pure and mixed 
forest stands of Douglas-fir and beech. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 43:321-331. 
(*)

Hertel, D. 1999. Das Feinwurzelsystem von Rein- und Mischbeständen der Rotbuche: Struktur, 
Dynamik und interspezifische Konkurrenz. Dissertationes Botanicae 317. J. Cramer, Berlin, 
Germany. (*)

Higgins, K. B., A. J. Lamb, and B. W. van Wilgen. 1987. Root systems of selected plant species in 
mesic mountain fynbos in the Jonkershoek Valley, south-western Cape Province. South African 
Journal of Botany 53:249-257. (*)

Hosegood, P. H. 1963. The root distribution of Kikuyu grass and Wattle trees. East African 
Agricultural and Forestry Journal 29:60-61. (*)

Hulbert, L. C. 1955. Ecological studies of Bromus tectorum and other annual bromegrasses. 
Ecological Monographs 25:181-213. (*)

Huttel, C. 1975. Root distribution and biomass in three Ivory Coast rain forest plots. Pages 123-130 
in F. B. Golley, and E. Medina, editors. Tropical ecological systems: Trends in terrestrial and 
aquatic research. Ecological Studies 11. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany. (*)

Ignatenko, I. V., A. V. Knorre, N. V. Lovelius, and B. N. Norin. 1972. Standing crop in plant 
communities at the station Ary-Mas. Pages 140-148 in F. E. Wielgolaski, and T. Rosswall, 
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Ignatenko, I. V., and F. I. Khakimzyanova. 1971. Soils and total phytomass reserves in dwarf birch 
- white dryas and willow tundras of the east European northlands. Soviet Journal of Ecology 
2:300-305. (*)

Isagi, Y., T. Kawahara, K. Kamo, and H. Ito. 1997. Net production and carbon cycling in a bamboo 
Phyllostachys pubescens stand. Plant Ecology 130:41-52. (*)

Jackson, R. B., J. L. Banner, E. Jobbágy, W. T. Pockman, and D. H. Wall. 2002. Ecosystem carbon 
loss with woody plant invasion of grasslands. Nature 418:623-626. 

Jama, B., R. J. Buresh, J. K. Ndufa, and K. D. Shepherd. 1998. Vertical distribution of roots and 
soil nitrate: tree species and phosphorus effects. Soil Science Society of America Journal 
62:280-286. (*)

Joffre, R., M. J. Leiva Morales, S. Rambal, and R. Fernández Ales. 1987. Dynamique racinaire et 
extraction de l'eau du sol par des graminées pérennes et annuelles méditerranéennes. Acta 
Oecologica. Oecologia Plantarum 8:181-194. (*)

Johnsen, T. N., Jr. 1962. One-seed juniper invasion of northern Arizona grasslands. Ecological 
Monographs 2:187-207. (*)

Jonsson, K., L. Fidjeland, J. A. Maghembe, and P. Högberg. 1988. The vertical distribution of roots 
of five tree species and maize in Mogoro, Tanzania. Agroforestry Systems 6:63-69. 

Jordan, P. W., and P. S. Nobel. 1984. Thermal and water relations of roots of desert succulents. 
Annals of Botany 54:705-718. (*)

Kaletkina, N. G. 1974. Sezonnoe razvitie rastitel'nosti subal'pijskoj raznotravnoj stepi i kriofil'ioj 
pustoshi Gissarskogo chrebta. (Seasonal development of vegetation in the subalpine steppe and 
cryophytic heath of the Hissar Mountains. In Russian). Pages 7-41 in P. N. Ovchinnikov, editor. 
Rastitel'nost' Tadzhikistana i eë osvoenie. (Vegetation of Tajikistan and its use). Donish, 
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Kalisz, P. J., R. W. Zimmerman, and R. N. Muller. 1987. Root density, abundance, and distribution 
in the mixed mesophytic forest of eastern Kentucky. Soil Science Society of America Journal 
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Kandeler, E., G. Eder, and M. Sobotik. 1994. Microbial biomass, N mineralization, and the 
activities of various enzymes in relation to nitrate leaching and root distribution in a slurry-
amended grassland. Biology and Fertility of Soils 18:7-12. 

Karizumi, N. 1978. Underground biomass. Pages 82-88 in T. Kira, Y. Ono, and T. Hosokawa, 
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Synthesis 18. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, Japan. (*)

Karpov, V. G., editor 1983. Faktory reguliatsii ekosistem elovykh lesov (Regulation factors of 
spruce forest ecosystems. In Russian). Nauka, Leningrad, Russia. (*)

Karpov, V. G., editor. 1983. Faktory reguliatsii ekosistem elovykh lesov (Regulation factors of 
spruce forest ecosystems. In Russian). Nauka, Leningrad. 

Kellman, M., and K. Sanmugadas. 1985. Nutrient retention by savanna ecosystems I. Retention in 
the absence of fire. Journal of Ecology 73:935-951. (*)

Kellman, M., and N. Roulet. 1990. Nutrient flux and retention in a tropical sand-dune succession. 
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Kern, K. G., W. Moll, and H. J. Braun. 1961. Wurzeluntersuchungen in Rein- und Mischbeständen 
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Khodachek, E. A. 1971. Vegetal matter of tundra phytocoenoses in the western part of Taymyr 
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Kimmins, J. P., and B. C. Hawkes. 1978. Distribution and chemistry of fine roots in a white spruce 
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Klepper, E. L., K. A. Gano, and L. L. Cadwell. 1985. Rooting depth and distributions of deep-
rooted plants in the 200 Area Conrol Zone of the Hanford site. Pacific Northwest Laboratory, 
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Klinge, H. 1973. Root mass estimation in lowland tropical rain forests of central Amazonia, Brazil. 
I. Fine root masses of pale yellow Latosol and a giant humus Podzol. Tropical Ecology 14:29-
38. (*)

Klinge, H. 1975. Root mass estimation in lowland tropical rain forests of central Amazonia, Brazil. 
III. Nutrients in fine roots from giant humus Podsols. Tropical Ecology 16:28-38. (*)

Knoop, W. T., and B. H. Walker. 1985. Interactions of woody and herbaceous vegetation in a 
Southern African savanna. Journal of Ecology 73:235-253. (*)

Kochenderfer, J. N. 1973. Root distribution under some forest types native to West Virginia. 
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Kosmas, C. S., N. Moustakas, N. G. Danalatos, and N. Yassoglou. 1996. The Spata field site: I. The 
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Kreutzer, K. 1968. The root system of the red alder (Alnus glutinosa Gärtn.). Pages 114-119 in M. 
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(*)

Kudrjasheva, O. I. 1974. Sezonnoe razvitie rastitel'nosti nizkotravnych polusavann v juzhnoj 
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Russian). Pages 77-105 in P. N. Ovchinnikov, editor. Rastitel'nost' Tadzhikistana i eë osvoenie. 
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Kul'tiasov, M. V. 1925. Materialy po izucheniju isparenija i kornevoj sistemy soobshchestva 
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Kummerow, J., and R. Mangan. 1981. Root systems in Quercus dumosa Nutt. dominated chaparral 
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Kummerow, J., M. Kummerow, and L. Trabaud. 1990. Root biomass, root distribution and the fine-
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Ladygina, G. M., and N. P. Litvinova. 1974. Produktivnost' nekotorych lugovych soobshchestv 
vostochnogo Pamira. Problemy Botaniki 12:275-285. (*)

Lamont, B. 1973. Factors affecting the distribution of protioid roots within the root systems of two 
Hakea species. Australian Journal of Botany 21:165-187. (*)

Lavrinenko, D. D. 1972. Interaction of wood species in different types of forests. Indian National 
Scientific Documentation Center, New Delhi, India. (*)

Lawson, G. W., J. Jenik, and K. O. Armstrong-Mensah. 1968. A study of a vegetation catena in 
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Lawson, G. W., K. O. Armstrong-Mensah, and J. B. Hall. 1970. A catena in tropical moist semi-
deciduous forest near Kade, Ghana. Journal of Ecology 58:371-398. (*)

Le Roux, X., T. Bariac, and A. Mariotti. 1995. Spatial partitioning of the soil water resource 
between grass and shrub components in a West African humid savanna. Oecologia 104:147-
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Lee, C. A., and W. K. Lauenroth. 1994. Spatial distribution of grass and shrub root systems in the 
shortgrass steppe. American Midland Naturalist 132:117-123. (*)

Liang, Y. M., D. L. Hazlett, and W. K. Lauenroth. 1989. Biomass dynamics and water use 
efficiencies of five plant communities in the shortgrass steppe. Oecologia 80:148-153. (*)

Linkola, K., and A. Tiirikka. 1936. Über Wurzelsysteme und Wurzelausbreitung der 
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