References associated with Appendix 1 in Gill R, and RB Jackson. Global Patterns of root turnover for terrestrial ecosystems. New Phytologist 2000 81:275-280. Aber JD, Melillo JM, Nadelhoffer KJ, McClaugherty CA, Pastor J. 1985. Fine root turnover in forest ecosystems in relation to quantity and form of nitrogen availability : a comparison of two methods. Oecologia 66: 317-321. Aerts R, Bakker C, De Caluwe H. 1992. Root turnover as determinant of the cycling of C, N, and P in a dry heathland ecosystem. Biogeochemistry 15: 175-190. Ares J. 1976. Dynamics of the root system of Blue Gramma. Journal of Range Management 29: 208-213. Arneth A, Kelliher FM, McSeveny TM, Byers JN. 1998. Net ecosystem productivity, net primary productivity and ecosystem carbon sequestration in a Pinus radiata plantation subject to soil water deficit. Tree Physiology 18: 785-793. Arthur MA, Fahey TJ. 1992. Biomass and nutrients in an Englemann spruce-subalpine fir forest in north central Colorado: pools, annual production, and internal cycling. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22: 315-325. Arunachalam A, Pandey HN, Tripathi RS, Maithani K. 1996. Biomass and production of fine and coarse roots during regrowth of a disturbed subtropical humid forest in north-east India. Vegetatio 123: 73-80. Beets PN, Whitehead D. 1996. Carbon partitioning in Pinus radiata stands in relation to foliage nitrogen status. Tree Physiology 16: 131-138. Berendse F, Beltman B, Bobbink R, Kwant R, Schmitz M. 1987. Primary production and nutrient availability in wet heathland ecosystems. Acta Oecologica 8: 265-279. Bernard JM. 1974. Seasonal changes in standing crop and primary production in a sedge wetland and an adjacent dry oldfield in central Minnesota. Ecology 55: 350-359. Bernard JM, Bernard FA. 1973. Winter biomass in Typha glauca Godr. and Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 100: 125- 131. Bernard JM, Hankinson G. 1979. Seasonal changes in standing crop, primary production, and nutrient levels in a Carex rostrata wetland. Oikos 32: 328-336. Bernard JM, Seischab FK, Jacoby G. 1985. Life history and production of above- and belowground structures of Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. in a western New York fen. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 112: 288-294. Biondini ME, Patton BD, Nyren PE. 1998. Grazing intensity and ecosystem processes in a northern mixed-grass prairie, USA. Ecological Applications 8: 469-479. Bliss LC. 1975. Devon Island, Canada. In: Rosswall T, Heal OW, eds. Structure and function of tundra ecosystems. Stockholm, Sweden: Ecology Bulletin, 17-60. Burke MK, Raynal DJ. 1994. Fine root growth phonology, production, and turnover in a northern hardwood forest ecosystem. Plant and Soil 162: 135-146. Buyanovsky GA, Kucera CL, Wagner GH. 1987. Comparative analyses of carbon dynamics in native and cultivated ecosystems. Ecology 68: 2023-2031. Caldwell MM, White RS, Moore RT, Camp LB. 1977. Carbon balance, productivity, and water use of cold-winter desert shrub communities dominated by C$ and C% species. Oecologia 29: 275-300. Campbell JJ, Finer L, Messier C. 1998. Fine-root production in small experimental gaps in successional mixed boreal forests. Journal of Vegetation Science 9: 537-542. Comeau PG, Kimmins JP. 1989. Above- and below-ground biomass and production of lodgepole pine on sites with differing soil moisture regimes. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19: 447-454. Coupland RT. 1992. Mixed prairie. In: Coupland RT, ed. Grasslands of the World. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier, 151-182. Cuevas E, Brown S, Lugo AE. 1991. Above- and belowground organic matter storage and production in a tropical pine plantation and a paired broadleaf secondary forest. Plant and Soil 135: 257-268. Cuevas E, Medina E. 1988. Nutrient dynamics within Amazonian forests. II. Fine root growth, nutrient availability and leaf litter decomposition. Oecologia 76: 222-235. Dahlman RC, Kucera CL. 1965. Root productivity and turnover in native prairie. Ecology 46: 84-89. Dahlman RC, Kucera CL. 1967. Carbon-14 cycling in the root and soil components of a prairie ecosystem. Proceedings of the 2nd National Symposium on Radioecology, 652-660. de la Cruz AA. 1973. The role of tidal marshes in the productivity of coastal marshes. Association of SE Biology Bulletin 20: 147-156. de la Cruz AA, Hackney CT. 1977. Energy value, elemental composition and productivity of the belowground biomass of a Juncus tidal marsh. Ecology 58: 1165- 1170. Devidas S, Puyravaud JP. 1995. Primary productivity of the herbaceous layer in a grazed savanna woodland, Bandipur National Park, southern India. Acta Oecologica 16: 491-505. Edwards NT, Harris WF. 1977. Carbon cycling in a mixed deciduous forest floor. Ecology 58: 431-437. Elkington TT, Jones BMG. 1974. Biomass and primary productivity of birch (Betula pubescens) in south-west Greenland. Journal of Ecology 62: 821-830. Fabiao A, Persson HA, Steen E. 1985. Growth dynamics of superficial roots in Portuguese plantations of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. studied with a mesh bag technique. Plant and Soil 83: 233-242. Fahey TJ, Hughes JW. 1994. Fine root dynamics in a northern hardwood forest ecosystem, Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH. Journal of Ecology 82: 533- 548. Fiala K. 1976. Underground organs of Phragmites communis, their growth, biomass and net production. Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 11: 225-259. Finer L, Laine J. 1998. Root dynamics at drained peatland sites of different fertility in southern Finland. Plant and Soil 201: 27-36. Finer L, Messier C, De Grandpre L. 1997. Fine-root dynamics in mixed boreal conifer- broad-leafed forest stands at different successional stages after fire. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 27: 304-314. Fisk MC, Schmidt SK, Seastedt TR. 1998. Topographic patterns of above- and belowground production and nitrogen cycling in alpine tundra. Ecology 79: 2253- 2266. Fitter AH, Graves JD, Wolfenden J, Self GK, Brown TK, Bogie D, Mansfield T. 1997. Root production and turnover and carbon budgets of two contrasting grasslands under ambient and elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. New Phytologist 137: 247-255. Fogel R. 1983. Root turnover and productivity of coniferous forests. Plant and Soil 71: 75-85. Fogel R, Hunt G. 1983. Contribution of mycorrhizae and soil fungi to nutrient cycling in a Douglas-fir ecosystem. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 13: 219-232. Fredericksen TS, Zedaker SM. 1995. Fine root biomass, distribution, and production in young pine-hardwood stands. New Forests 10: 99-110. Garcia-Moya E, Castro PM. 1992. Saline grassland near Mexico City. In: Long SP, Jones MB, Roberts MJ, eds. Primary productivity of grass ecosystems of the tropics and sub-tropics. London, UK: Chapman & Hall, 70-99. Garkoti SC, Singh SP. 1995. Variation in net primary productivity and biomass of forests in the high mountains of central Himalaya. Journal of Vegetation Science 6: 23-28. Gholz HL, Hendry LC, Cropper WP Jr. 1986. Organic matter dynamics of fine roots in plantations of slash pine (Pinus elliotti) in north Florida. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16: 529-538. Giroux JF, Bedard J. 1988. Estimating above-ground and belowground macrophyte production in Scirpus tidal marshes. Canadian Journal of Botany 66: 368-374. Gower ST, Vogt KA, Grier CC. 1992. Carbon dynamics of Rocky Mountain Douglas- fir: influence of water and nutrient availability. Ecological Monographs 62: 43-65. Grier CC, Logan RS. 1977. Old-growth Pseudotsuga menziesii communities of a western Oregon watershed: biomass distribution and production budgets. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 47: 373-400. Grier CC, Vogt KA, Keyes MR, Edmonds RL. 1981. Biomass distribution and above- and below-ground production in young and mature Abies amabilis zone ecosystems of the Washington Cascades. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 11: 155-167. Gupta SR, Singh JS. 1982. Influence of floristic composition on the net primary production and dry matter turnover in a tropical grassland. Australian Journal of Ecology 7: 363-374. Hackney CT, de la Cruz AA. 1986. Belowground productivity of roots and rhizomes in a giant cordgrass marsh. Estuaries 9: 112-116. Hayes DC, Seastedt TR. 1987. Root dynamics of tallgrass prairie in wet and dry years. Canadian Journal of Botany 65: 787-791. Haynes BE, Gower ST. 1995. Belowground carbon allocation in unfertilized and fertilized red pine plantations in northern Wisconsin. Tree Physiology 15: 317-325. Heal OW, Jones HE, Whittaker JB. 1975. Moor House, UK. In: Rosswall T, Heal OW, eds. Structure and function of tundra ecosystems. Stockholm, Sweden: Ecology Bulletin, 295-320. Hendrick RL, Pregitzer KS. 1993. The dynamics of fine root length, biomass, and nitrogen content in two northern hardwood ecosystems. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23: 2507-2520. Hendricks JJ, Nadelhoffer KJ, Aber JD. 1993. Assessing the role of fine roots in carbon and nutrient cycling. Trends in Ecological Evolution 8: 174-178. Hnatiuk RJ. 1993. Grasslands of the sub-antarctic islands. In: Coupland RT, ed. Natural grasslands. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier, 411-482. Ingham RE, Detling JK. 1984. Plant-herbivore interactions in a North American mixed- grass prairie. 3. Soil nematode populations and root biomass on Cynomys ludovicianus colonies and adjacent uncolonized areas. Oecologia 63: 307-313. Jenkin JF. 1975. Macquarie Island, Subantarctic. In: Rosswall T, Heal OW, eds. Structure and function of tundra ecosystems. Stockholm, Sweden: Ecology Bulletin, 375-397. Jones MB, Muthuri FM. 1997. Standing biomass and carbon distribution in a papyrus (Cyperus papyrus L.) swamp on Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Journal of Tropical Ecology 13: 347-356. Jordan CF, Escalante G. 1980. Root productivity in an Amazonian rain forest. Ecology 61: 14-18. Joshi SK, Pati DP, Behera N. 1990. Primary production of herbaceous layer in a tropical deciduous forest in Orissa, India. Tropical Ecology 31: 73-83. Joslin JD, Henderson GS. 1987. Organic matter and nutrients associated with fine root turnover in a white oak stand. Forest Science 33: 330-346. Kamnalrut A, Evenson JP. 1992. Monsoon grassland in Thailand. In: Long SP, Jones MB, Roberts MJ, eds. Primary productivity of grass ecosystems of the tropics and sub-tropics. London, UK: Chapman & Hall, 100-126. Keith H, Raison RJ, Jacobsen KL. 1997. Allocation of carbon in a mature eucalyptus forest and some effects of soil phosphorous availability. Plant and Soil 196: 81-99. Kestemont P. 1982. Belgium. In: Cannell MGR, ed. World forest biomass and primary production data. London, UK: Academic Press, 27. Keyes MR, Grier CC. 1981. Above- and belowground net production in 40-year-old Douglas-fir stands on low and high productivity sites. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 11: 599-605. Kinyamario JI, Imbamba SK. 1992. Savanna at Nairobi National Park, Nairobi. In: Long SP, Jones MB, Roberts MJ, eds. Primary productivity of grass ecosystems of the tropics and sub-tropics. London, UK: Chapman & Hall, 25-69. Kumar A, Joshi MC. 1972. The effects of grazing on the structure and productivity of the vegetation near Pilani, Rajasthan, India. Journal of Ecology 60: 665-674. Kummerow J, Castillanos J, Maas M, Larigauderie A. 1990. Production of fine roots and the seasonality of their growth in a Mexican deciduous dry forest. Vegetatio 90: 73-80. Kvet J, Westlake DF. 1998. Primary production in wetlands. In: Westlake DF, Kvet J, Szczepanski A, eds. The production ecology of wetlands. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 78-168. Lana PDC, Guiss C, Disaro ST. 1991. Seasonal variation of biomass and production dynamics for above- and belowground components of a Spartina alterniflora marsh in the Euhaline sector of Paranagua Bay (SE Brazil). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 32: 231-242. Lehmann J, Zech W. 1998. Fine root turnover of irrigated hedgerow intercropping in northern Kenya. Plant and Soil 198: 19-31. Long SP, Garcia Moya E, Imbamba SK, Kamnalrut A, Piedade MTF, Scurlock JMO, Shen YK, Hall DO. 1989. Primary productivity of natural grass ecosystems of the tropics: a reappraisal. Plant and Soil 115: 155-166. Marshall JK. 1977. Biomass and production partitioning in response to environment in some North American grasslands. In: Marshall JK, ed. The belowground ecosystem: a synthesis of plant-associated processes. Fort Collins, CO, USA: Colorado State University, 73-84. Martınez F, Merino O, Martın A, Martın DG, Merino J. 1998. Belowground structure and production in a Mediterranean sand dune shrub community. Plant and Soil 201: 209-216. McClaugherty CA, Aber JD, Melillo JM. 1982. The role of fine roots in the organic matter and nitrogen budgets of two forested ecosystems. Ecology 63: 1481-1490. McNaughton SJ, Banyikwa FF, McNaughton MM. 1998. Root biomass and productivity in a grazing ecosystem: the Serengeti. Ecology 79: 587-592. Megonigal JP, Day FP Jr. 1988. Organic matter dynamics in four seasonally flooded forest communities of the Dismal Swamp (USA). American Journal of Botany 75: 1334-1343. Menaut JC, Cesar J. 1979. Structure and primary production of Lamto Savannas, Ivory Coast. Ecology 60: 1197-1210. Milchunas DG, Lauenroth WK. 1992. Carbon dynamics and estimates of primary production by harvest, "%C dilution, and "%C turnover. Ecology 73: 593-607. Milchunas DG, Lauenroth WK, Singh JS, Cole CV, Hunt HW. 1985. Root turnover and production by "%C dilution : implications of carbon partitioning in plants. Plant and Soil 88: 353-365. Miller PC, Webber PJ, Oechel WC, Tieszen LL. 1980. Biophysical processes and primary production. In: Brown J, Miller PC, Tieszen LL, Bunnell FL, eds. An Arctic ecosystem: the coastal tundra at Barrow, Alaska. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, 66-101. Misra MK, Misra BN. 1984. Biomass and primary production in an Indian grassland. Tropical Ecology 25: 239-247. Nadelhoffer KJ, Aber J, Melillo JM. 1985. Fine roots, net primary production, and soil nitrogen availability : a new hypothesis. Ecology 66: 1377-1390. Neill C. 1992. Comparison of soil coring and ingrowth methods for measuring belowground production. Ecology 73: 1918-1921. Neill C. 1994. Primary production and management of seasonally flooded prairie marshes harvested for wild hay. Canadian Journal of Botany 72: 801-807. Nihlgard B, Lindgren L. 1977. Plant biomass, primary production and bioelements of three mature beech forests in south Sweden. Oikos 28: 95-104. Èstbye E, Berg A, Blehr O, Espeland M, Gaare E, Hagen A, Hesjedal O, Hagvar S, Kjelvik S, Lien L, Mysterud I, Sandhaug A, Skar H-J, Skartveit A, Skre O, Skogland T, Solh¢y T, Stenseth NC, Wielgolaski FE. 1975. Hardangervidda, Norway. In: Rosswall T, Heal OW, eds. Structure and function of tundra ecosystems. Stockholm, Sweden: Ecology Bulletin, 225-264. Pandey C, Singh J. 1992. Rainfall and grazing effects on net primary productivity in a tropical Savanna, India. Ecology 73: 2007-2021. Pandya SM, Sidha VK. 1987. Seasonal variation in plant biomass and primary production in desert vegetation at Khavda of Kutch District (Gujarat), India. Tropical Ecology 28: 57-68. Persson HA. 1983. The distribution and productivity of fine roots in boreal forests. Plant and Soil 71: 87-101. Persson HA. 1978. Root dynamics in a young Scots pine stand in Central Sweden. Oikos 30: 508-519. Persson HA. 1980. Spatial distribution of fine-root growth, mortality and decomposition in a young Scots pine stand in Central Sweden. Oikos 34: 77-87. Picard D. 1979. Evaluation of the organic matter supplied to the soil by the decay of the roots of an intensively managed Panicum maximum sward. Plant and Soil 51: 491- 501. Piedade MTF, Junk WJ, De Mello JAN. 1992. A floodplain grassland in the central Amazon. In: Long SP, Jones MB, Roberts MJ, eds. Primary productivity of grass ecosystems. London, UK: Chapman & Hall, 127-158. Powell SW, Day FP Jr. 1991. Root production in four communities in the Great Dismal Swamp (Virginia, North Carolina, USA). American Journal of Botany 78: 288-297. Rajwar GS, Ramola VC. 1990. Variation in net primary production of east and west facing slope montane grasslands of Uttarkashi, Garhwal Himalaya. Indian Forester 116: 717-722. Ram J, Singh SP, Singh JS. 1991. Effect of fertilizer on plant biomass distribution and net accumulation rate in an alpine meadow in central Himalaya, India. Journal of Range Management 44: 140-143. Rana BS, Rikhari HC. 1994. Biomass and productivity of different forest grazing lands in central Himalaya. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy B (Biological Sciences) 60: 129-135. Rawat YS, Bhatt YD, Pande P, Singh SP. 1994. Production and nutrient cycling in Arundinaria falcata and Lantana camara: the two converted ecosystems in central Himalaya. Tropical Ecology 35: 53-67. Reader RJ, Stewart JM. 1972. The relationship between net primary production and accumulation for a peatland in southeastern Manitoba. Ecology 53: 1024-1037. Redente EF, Biondini ME, Moore JC. 1989. Observations on biomass dynamics of a crested wheatgrass and native shortgrass ecosystem in southern Wyoming. Journal of Range Management 42: 113-118. Redmann RE. 1992. Primary productivity. In: Coupland RT, ed. Natural grasslands : introduction and Western Hemisphere. New York, USA: Elsevier, 75-93. Rikhari HC, Negi GCS, Pant GB, Rana BS, Singh SP. 1992. Phytomass and primary productivity in several communities of a central Himalayan alpine meadow, India. Arctic and Alpine Research 24: 344-351. Roman CT, Daiber FC. 1984. Aboveground and belowground primary production dynamics of two Delaware Bay tidal marshes. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 111: 34-41. Rosswall T, Flower-Ellis JGK, Johansson LGJS, Ryden BE, Sonesson M. 1975. Stordalen (Abisko), Sweden. In: Roswall T, Heal OW, eds. Structure and function of tundra ecosystems. Stockholm, Sweden: Ecology Bulletin, 265-294. Ruess RW, Hendrick RL, Bryant JP. 1998. Regulation of fine root dynamics by mammalian browsers in early successional Alaskan taiga forests. Ecology 79: 2706- 2720. Ruess RW, van Cleve K, Yarie J, Viereck LA. 1996. Contributions of fine root production and turnover to the carbon and nitrogen cycling in taiga forests of the Alaskan interior. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26: 1326-1336. Saggar S, Hedley C, Mackay AD. 1997. Partitioning and translocation of photosynthetically fixed "%C in grazed hill pastures. Biology and Fertility of Soils 25: 152-158. Sah VK, Saxena AK, Singh V. 1994. Seasonal variation in plant biomass and net primary productivity of grazing lands in the forest zone of Garhwal Himalaya. Tropical Ecology 35: 115-131. San Jose JJ, Berrade F, Ramirez J. 1982. Seasonal changes of growth, mortality and disappearance of belowground root biomass in the Trachypogon savanna grass. Acta Oecologia Plantarum 3: 347-58. Santantonio D, Grace JC. 1987. Estimating fine root production and turnover from biomass and decomposition data: a compartment flow model. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17: 900-908. Santantonio D, Hermann RK. 1985. Standing crop, production, and turnover of fine roots on dry, moderate, and wet sites of mature Douglas-fir in western Oregon Santantonio D, Hermann RK, Overton WS. 1977. Root biomass studies in forest ecosystems. Pedobiologia 17: 1-31. Saterson KA, Vitousek PM. 1984. Fine-root biomass and nutrient cycling in Aristida stricta in a North Carolina coastal plain savanna. Canadian Journal of Botany 62: 823-829. Saxena AK, Rana BS, Rao OP, Singh BP. 1996. Seasonal variation in biomass and primary productivity of para grass (Brachiaria mutica) under a mixed tree stand and in an adjacent open area in northern India. Agroforestry Systems 33: 75-85. Scholes RJ, Hall DO. 1996. The carbon budget of tropical savannas, woodlands and grasslands. In: Breymeyer AI, Hall DO, Melillo JM, Agren GI, eds. Global change: effects on coniferous forests and grasslands. Chichester, New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 69-100. Scholes RJ, Walker BH. 1993. Primary production. In: Scholes RJ, Walker BH, eds. An African savanna: synthesis of the Nylsveley study. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 144-167. Schroth G, Zech W. 1995. Above- and below-ground biomass dynamics in a sole cropping and an alley cropping system with Gliricidia sepium in the semi-deciduous rainforest zone of West Africa. Agroforestry Systems 31: 181-198. Schubauer JP, Hopkinson CS. 1984. Above- and belowground emergent macrophyte production and turnover in a coastal marsh ecosystem, Georgia. Limnology and Oceanography 29: 1052-1065. Shackleton CM, McKenzie B, Granger JE. 1988. Seasonal changes in root biomass, root}shoot ratios and turnover in two coastal grassland communities in Transkei. South African Journal of Botany 54: 465-471. Shankar U, Pandey HN, Tripathi RS. 1993. Phytomass dynamics and primary productivity in humid grasslands along altitudinal and rainfall gradients. Acta Oecologica 14: 197-209. Shaver GR, Billings WD. 1975. Root production and root turnover in a wet tundra ecosystem, Barrow, Alaska. Ecology 56: 401-409. Shaver GR, Chapin FS III. 1991. Production: biomass relationships and element cycling in contrasting arctic vegetation types. Ecological Monographs 61: 1-31. Sims PL, Singh JS. 1978. The structure and function of ten western North American grasslands. III. Net primary production, turnover and eficiencies of energy capture and water use. Journal of Ecology 66: 573-597. Singh JS, Joshi MC. 1979. Tropical grasslands. Primary production. In: Coupland RT, ed. Grassland ecosystems of the World. Cambridge,UK: Cambridge University Press, 197-218. Singh JS, Singh L, Pandey CB. 1991. Savannization of dry tropical forest increases carbon flux relative to storage. Current Science 61: 477-480. Singh JS, Yadava PS. 1974. Seasonal variation in composition, plant biomass and net primary productivity of a tropical grassland at Kurukshetra, India. Ecological Monographs 44: 351-76. Singh KP, Singh RP. 1981. Seasonal variation in biomass and energy of small roots in tropical dry deciduous forest, Varanasi, India. Oikos 37: 88-92. Singh RS. 1993. Effect of winter fire on primary productivity and nutrient concentration of a dry tropical savanna. Vegetatio 106: 63-71. Smith KK, Good RE, Good NF. 1979. Production dynamics for above and belowground components of a New Jersey, USA, Spartina alterniflora tidal marsh. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 9: 189-202. Smith RIL, Walton DWH. 1975. South Georgia, subantarctic. In: Rosswall T, Heal OW, eds. Structure and function of tundra ecosystems. Stockholm, Sweden: Ecology Bulletin, 399-423. Steele SJ, Gower ST, Vogel JG, Norman JM. 1997. Root mass, net primary production and turnover in aspen, jack pine, and black spruce forests in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada. Tree Physiology 17: 577-587. Stevenson MJ, Day FP. 1996. Fine-root biomass distribution and production along a barrier island chronosequence. American Midland Naturalist 135: 205-217. Strugnell RG, Pigott CD. 1978. Biomass, shoot-production and grazing of two grasslands in the Rwenzori National Park, Uganda. Journal of Ecology 66: 73-96. Sundarapandian SM, Swamy PS. 1996a. Influence of herbaceous species composition on fine root biomass production in disturbed and undisturbed deciduous forests of Western Ghats in India. Acta Oecologica 17: 163-176. Sundarapandian SM, Swamy PS. 1996b. Fine root biomass distribution and productivity patterns under open and closed canopies of tropical forest ecosystems at Kodayar in Western Ghats, South India. Forest Ecology and Management 86: 181- 192. Sundriyal RC, Joshi AP. 1990. Effect of grazing on standing crop, productivity and efficiency of energy capture in an alpine grassland ecosystem at Tungnath (Garhwal Himalaya), India. Tropical Ecology 31: 84-97. Symbula M, Day FP Jr. 1988. Evaluation of two methods for estimating belowground production in a freshwater swamp forest. American Midland Naturalist 120: 405-415. Szanser M. 1997. Root production and biomass of Arrhenatheretalia meadows of different age. Ekologia Polska 45: 633-646. Tiwari SC. 1986. Variations in net primary production of Garhwal Himalayan grasslands. Tropical Ecology 27: 166-173. Valiela I, Teal JM, Persson NY. 1976. Production and dynamics of experimentally enriched salt marsh vegetation: belowground biomass. Limnology and Oceanography 21: 245-252. van Praag HJ, Sougnez-Remy S, Weissen F, Carletti G. 1988. Root turnover in a beech and a spruce stand of the Belgian Ardennes. Plant and Soil 105: 87-103. Vogt KA. 1991. Carbon budgets of temperate forest ecosystems. Tree Physiology 9: 69- 86. Vogt KA, Grier CC, Meier CE, Edmonds RL. 1982. Mycorrhizal role in net primary production and nutrient cycling in Abies amabilis ecosystems in western Washington. Ecology 63: 370-380. Vogt KA, Grier CC, Vogt DJ. 1986. Production, turnover, and nutrient dynamics of above- and belowground detritus of world forest. Advances in Ecological Research 15: 303-377. Vogt KA, Vogt DJ, Palmiotto PA, Boon P, O'Hara J, Asbjornsen H. 1996. Review of root dynamics in forest ecosystems grouped by climate, climatic forest type and species. Plant and Soil 187: 159-219. Vogt KA, Vogt JD, Moore EE, Fatuga BA, Redlin MR, Edmonds RL. 1987. Conifer and angiosperm fine-root biomass in relation to stand age and site productivity in Douglas-fir ecosystems. Journal of Ecology 75: 857-870. Weaver JE, Zink E. 1946. Annual increase of underground materials in three range grasses. Ecology 27: 115-127. Webber PJ, Miller PC, Chapin FS III, McCown BH. 1980. 6. The vegetation: pattern and succession. In: Brown J, Miller PC, Tieszen LL, Bunnell FL, eds. An Arctic ecosystem. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, 186-218. Wentz WA, Chamie JPM. 1980. Determining the belowground productivity of Chamaedaphne calyculata, a peatland shrub. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 6: 1-4. White DS, Howes BL. 1994. Translocation, remineralization, and turnover of nitrogen in the roots and rhizomes of Spartina alterniflora (Gramineae). American Journal of Botany 81: 1225-1234. Whittaker RH, Bormann FH, Likens GE, Siccama TG. 1974. The Hubbard Brook ecosystem study: forest biomass and production. Ecological Monographs 44: 233- 252. Whittaker RH, Woodwell GM. 1969. Structure, production and diversity of the oak- pine forest at Brookhaven, New York. Journal of Ecology 57: 155-174.